Introduction
I. Egypt’s Geopolitical Information
o Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, (SWOT)
II. Egypt’s Governmental Structure
o Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, (SWOT)
III. Egypt’s Economic Structure and Situation
o Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, (SWOT)
IV. Egypt’s Cultural and Social Situation
o Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, (SWOT)
V. Egypt’s Other Legal and Geopolitical Issues
o GAP Analysis
VI. USFP Recommendations on Egypt
o Proposal I
o Proposal II
o Proposal III
VII. Conclusion
The purpose of this SWOT Analysis is to better understand the comparative characteristics and opposing differences between the nation of Egypt and the United States of America. This will ensure America takes the best approach in furthering its bilateral relations, alongside its image in the Middle East. Three strategic operations have been developed that will further international relations with Egypt and establish a greater Western presence in the Middle East. Rather than imposing democracy by coercion, these foreign policy propositions strive to economically persuade the Egyptian government to establish economic commitments alongside the United States to better secure each nation’s autonomy.
The nation of Egypt is proud of its self-sufficiency despite Western aggression on its neighboring allies. This SWOT Analysis will offer a diplomatic remedy to the errs America’s former liberal presidents. Despite the cultural challenges, Egypt shares many common interests with America beyond solely economic ones, as this report reflects. Thus, Egypt’s (1) geopolitical information; (2) governmental structure; (3) economic structure and situation; (4) cultural and social situations; and (5) other legal and geopolitical Issues; alongside the most effective foreign policy recommendations on U.S.–Egyptian relations.
I. Egypt’s Geopolitical Information
Strengths. The Arab Republic of Egypt first began as a “unified kingdom” around 3200 B.C., (CIA). Throughout history, “a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt,” lasting “three millennia,” (CIA). Egypt was conquered by Arabs that “introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and ruled for the next six centuries,” (CIA).
Weaknesses. The U.S. State Department warns that Egypt’s government is complicit in “[s]ignificant human rights issues,” (State). The U.S. State Department adds that there are “credible reports” of various act of human rights abuse by the Egyptian government including: “arbitrary or unlawful killings, including extrajudicial killings; enforced disappearance; torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment by the government; harsh and life-threatening prison conditions; arbitrary arrest and detention; serious problems with the independence of the judiciary, (State). Scripture warns against adopting Egypt’s statutes, (Lev 18:3); America must consider the historic differences between both nations’ governments when conducting bipolar relations with Egypt; especially the establishment of bilateral infrastructure.
Opportunities. Like America, Egypt was founded on revolution. Egypt’s revolution day is July 23rd, 1952, and its republic was officially declared on June 18th, 1953, (CIA). Egypt’s national symbol is a golden eagle, (CIA). Similarly, America’s national symbol is a bald eagle. The concurrent reverence for the power and autonomy of the eagle can be seen in the stewardship of each nation’s inherent sovereignty. Further, Egypt houses a wealth of natural resources. Egypt’s natural resources include “petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, rare earth elements, zinc,” (OEC).
Threats. Egypt has a distinctly different religious culture from America. Egypt is home to the largest Arab population, and therefore bear a historic tradition distinct from America’s pluralist system. Although Egypt and America are by definition “Republics,” they share different structural principles. The U.S. Constitution ensures that citizens will be granted religious independence from the state, the right to freely worship. Egypt’s Constitution clearly denotes the nation’s religious adherence, (SSCHR).
II. Egypt’s Governmental Structure
Strengths. Egypt is designated by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) as a “presidential republic,” (CIA). Egypt’s President Abdel Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil El-Sisi has been in power since June 8th, 2014, (CIA). Egypt has a “mixed legal system” that is “based on Napoleonic civil and penal law,” alongside “Islamic religious law, and . . . colonial-era laws;” (CIA). Egypt’s judiciary utilizes “judicial review of the constitutionality of laws by the Supreme Constitutional Court,” (CIA).
Weaknesses. Egypt has agricultural limitations, and its population relies on the Nile river, (CIA). Although these limitations pose a weakness for Egypt, they represent an opportunity for America’s economic assistance. Moreover, an opportunity to influence the direction of Egypt’s infrastructure, and the offshoot of its profits.
Opportunities. Egypt has the largest Arab population, with over 118 million citizens, (CIA; Worldometer). Egypt’s population inhabits only “10.5 percent of the total area of the country,” leaving 89.5% of the nation unoccupied, (Statista). This gives America ample opportunity to establish bilateral relations with Egypt and utilize its barren deserts to industrialize.
Threats. Egypt’s government is fundamentally principled on ideological bias, rather than focusing its policies on the best interests of the country. Unlike America, Egypt has no birthright citizenship. American cannot negate the country’s cultural predispositions. Egypt is a nation founded not only by revolution, but by Islamic faith. Egypt’s Constitution recognizes Moses, Mary and even Jesus—although under unfavorably different circumstances than Scripture records. The Egyptian Constitution reads, “[o]n its land, Prophet Moses – to whom Allah spoke – grew up and on Mount Sinai, the Revelation of Allah shone on his heart and Divine message descended.” (SSCHR). It adds, “[o]n its land, Egyptians harbored in their bosoms Virgin Mary and her baby and offered thousands of martyrs in defense of the Church of Jesus, Peace Be Upon Him,” (SSCHR).
Egypt’s Arab population is proud of its tradition and its citizens are likely unwilling to compromise their historic culture or the nation’s Islamic state for western industrialization. Egypt’s Constitution goes onto state “[c]ompared to major revolutions in the history of mankind, the Jan 25 – June 30 Revolution is unique with its high density of popular participation – estimated to be in the tens of millions – and the prominent role of youth aspiring at a brighter future,” (SSCHR). The Egyptian people are proud of their revolutionary heritage and are unlikely to acquiesce to foreign institutionalism. Therefore, America must approach its foreign policy objectives with Egypt absent of any religious imposition. Instead, Egypt-U.S. foreign policy must focus on the nations’ similarities: concurrent economic endeavors and striving to aid Egypt in achieving its objective steps toward its 2030 national agenda.
III. Egypt’s Economic Structure and Situation
Strengths. Egypt’s annual exports to the United States total $2.73 billion, (OEC). Egypt’s main exports are refined petroleum, petroleum gas, nitrogenous fertilizers, crude petroleum, and gold, (OEC). Egypt’s annual imports from the U.S. total $4.95 billion, (OEC). Egypt’s imported products include refined petroleum, wheat, petroleum gas, packaged medicaments, and cars, (OEC).
Weaknesses. Egypt has territorial weaknesses that facilitate international drug trafficking. This vulnerability unfavorably impacts Egypt’s regional relations. The U.S. Department of State (DoS) adds that “Egypt’s long and mostly uninhabited borders, combined with the high level of shipping passing through the Suez Canal, have made Egypt prone to the transshipment of Asian heroin,” (State). The DoS warns that “[o]ther types of narcotics periodically pass through Cairo International Airport,” (State). Despite this weakness, the DoS assures that recently there has been “only small amounts headed to the United States, and “[t]ransshipment has diminished considerably,” (State). Although Egypt’s illicit substances pose an insignificant threat to America, its persistence represents a significant weakness for Egypt domestically.
Opportunities. In 2016, Egypt established Egypt Vision 2030: “a national agenda . . . reflecting the state’s long-term strategic plan to achieve the principles and goals of sustainable development in all fields and localize them in the various Egyptian state agencies,” (Mped.gov). Egypt identifies “seven enablers” that it deems necessary to achieve its 2030 vision. Egypt’s Seven Enablers include (1) financing; (2) technology and innovation; (3) digital transformation; (4) data generation and availability; (5) supportive legislative and institutional environment; (6) a supportive cultural system; and (7) population growth control, (Mped.gov). These seven enablers can be utilized to foster more resilience bilateral relations.
Threats. Egypt’s economy has been significantly negatively impacted by the United States’s actions. President Obama’s Administration’s drone strike on Muammar Gaddafi led to “political turmoil,” (Albazar, S.,WashingtonInstitute). The nation of “Libya was once a key trade partner and a source of investment and employment opportunities for Egypt. The instability has led to a decline in trade and economic cooperation, which has negatively impacted Egypt’s economy,” (Albazar, S.,WashingtonInstitute). Now the United States has an opportunity to correct the disparities created by previous American presidential administrations.
IV. Egypt’s Cultural and Social Situation
Strengths. Egypt has a strong unification of its population. Although Egypt has undergone many revolutionary changes in the course of its history it has remained Islamic for over a millennium, dating back to the ninth century, (O’Sullivan, S., Chicago, p. 78).
Weaknesses. Over the past three decades, Egypt has faced many social and cultural challenges to its state. Specifically, Egypt’s “government has struggled to meet the demands” of its population, (CIA). Egypt’s government faces challenges in the implementation of “large-scale infrastructure projects, energy cooperation, and foreign direct investment appeals,” (CIA).
Opportunities. Egypt’s 2030 strategy depicts “how the Egyptian contribution will serve the international agenda, and how that will serve the global context,” (Mped.gov). Egypt’s plan during the next five years include four guiding principles: (1) human-centered development; (2) equity and accessibility; (3) resilience and adaptation; and (4) sustainability, (Mped.gov).
Threats. Egypt is home to four major terrorist organizations: Army of Islam; Harakat Sawa’d Misr (HASM); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Sinai Province (ISIS-SP); al-Qa’id, (CIA). The existence of these groups severely threatens U.S. bilateral relations with Egypt—physically, weapons and medical supplies; and digitally, sensitive datasets and information.
V. Egypt’s Other Legal and Geopolitical Issues
The current Egyptian government is accused of many human rights violates by prominent human rights institutions. Amnesty International writes that “[a]lthough Egypt accepted recommendations to respect fundamental human rights while combating terrorism, it has used spurious charges based on the draconian Law on Counter Terrorism” (Amnesty). Amnesty international charges the Egyptian government of imposing “ vague laws that allow for willful mis-interpretation of any form of dissent as a criminal act,” (Amnesty).
This information disparity needs to be addressed to bring Egypt closer to achieving a sustainable and transparent government. Amnesty warns that “[s]ince 2015, the Ministry of Interior has announced the killings of hundreds of people” and “committed extrajudicial executions,” (Amnesty). The subsidization of Egypt’s infrastructure will assist in stabilizing its image on the world stage, as it becomes less reliant on our foreign competitors, Egypt will become more likely to engage in trade with the United States, thereby securing long-term relations.
VI. USFP Recommendations on Egypt
The bottom line is that the United States needs to subsidize Egyptian foreign aid with strict scrutiny. Three operations have been constructed to forge closer international relations with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. These three operations are necessary steps in establishing permanent relations with Egypt, thereby producing significant influence into the Egyptian economy. These operations are constructed with transparency, in hopes of persuading the Egyptian government with sincere opportunities for industrialization and the assured sustainability of its sovereignty.
Thus three U.S.-Egypt proposals have been created: (1) Operation Watershed; (2) Operation Digital Eagle; and (3) Operation Chemical Cairo, and target the observable disparities present in the civilian population.
Proposal I
Operation Watershed: U.S. Subsidize Clean Water Facilities
Operation Watershed advocates the total subsidization of Egypt’s second major watershed and second major aquifer, thereby facilitating the expansion of its population into its largely uninhabited regions.
Egypt’s only major watershed is the Atlantic Ocean drainage, and its only major aquifer is the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System. Subsidizing Egypt’s second watershed and second major aquifer is representative of an establishment of more comprehensive bilateral relations between two nations. Moreover, Operation Watershed represents America’s long-term commitment to Egypt. Operation Watershed represents the pipeline to diplomacy between the West and the Middle East, starting with the largest Arab population.
Egypt’s government has faced persistent conflict in their struggle to supply its population with clean water. Shockingly, “approximately 95% of the population lives within 20 km of the Nile River and its delta,” (CIA). Accordingly, there are “vast areas of the country remain sparsely populated or uninhabited,” (CIA). Address Egypt’s clean water crisis will enable Egypt’s population to expand into sparsely and uninhabited areas. Operation Watershed would enhance Egypt’s domestic economy and its global consumer base. Thus, an investment into Egypt is an investment into America.
In 2021, UNICEF indicated that “Egypt is facing an annual water deficit of around seven billion cubic metres and the country could run out of water by 2025,” (UNICEF). Water shortages are not exclusive to Egypt. The United States bear the potential to become the leading nation to facilitate this initiative. UNICEF warns that “it is estimated that 1.8 billion people worldwide will live in absolute water scarcity,” (UNICEF). The U.S. subsidizing clean water facilities in Egypt will create both a framework that can be utilized around the world, and to further bipolar relations with the Egyptian government.
Bottled water is no exception. The Egyptian nation has developed standards for its bottled water domestically; “[i]n 2012, the Egyptian authorities had suspended 13 Egyptian bottled water companies due to their non-compliance with the Standard,” (WTO). The World Trade Organization (WTO) reports that “[s]ince October 2013, all companies requesting permission to export bottled water to Egypt, including Turkish companies, were advised by the Supreme Committee of Water of the Ministry of Health to comply with the Egyptian Standard,” (WTO).
Proposal II
Operation Digital Eagle: U.S. to Subsidize Sustainable Economic Growth
A second strategy, Operation Digital Eagle, stands representative of the concurrent interests between American and Egypt—named after the shared national symbol of the eagle. America has the potential to provide Egypt with the ability to produce and sustain their viable global multimedia conglomerate. By embarking on green initiative with Egypt, the United States can assist Egypt in restabilizing its economic state. While an Egyptian Hollywood or Egyptian Silicon Valley seems unlikely, basing subsidiaries of existing tech companies; streaming platforms; editing studios; the housing of social media platforms and multinational corporations’ servers; and constructing video game software development facilities in Egypt will open an entirely new market for both nations. Simultaneously, America can outsource its multimedia editing to Egyptian studios, create digital advertising offices, and develop new video games. All of these activities utilize a minimal amount of carbon emissions and will allow for the rapid industrialization of Egypt. Lastly, Operation Digital Eagle relies on consistent American-Egyptian bilateral relations.
Egypt is already recognized as one of the United States’ biggest growth partners, (OEC). The United States can increase its capacity for digital trade with Egypt. Viktor Stojkoski, Philipp Koch, Eva Coll and César A. Hidalgo (henceforth denoted as Stojkoski et al) write that “[t]he Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade, a flagship publication prepared jointly by the OECD, WTO, UNCTAD, and the IMF4, defines digital trade as all trade that is digitally ordered and/or delivered,” (Nature). The Observatory of Economic Complexity notes that digital trade includes “downloading a video game, streaming a movie, or buying an ad in a social media platform are examples of digital trade when these involve a transaction across international borders,” (OEC).
The United States can subsidize multinational corporations (MNCs) to construct foreign subsidiaries, thereby establishing multimedia corporations headquartered in Egypt. This will not only bring the United States more revenue through its MNC subsidiaries, whilst providing Egypt with contemporary clean energy national resources. Stojkoski et al. specifically advocate “the growth of digital sectors that emit less greenhouse gases per unit of GDP” citing the favorable impacts to both the economy and surrounding environment.
The establishment of unilaterally subsidized facilities designed to further Egypt’s digital infrastructure will ensure the creation virtually infinite number of jobs, and usher in a new wave of revenue. Egypt needn’t produce its own Egyptian Hollywood—instead it can partner with America to extend the reach of the current multimedia industries and expand into new platforms for the contemporary generation. Multinational tech companies can be subsidized to utilize Egypt’s landscape to host their servers and development facilities. A new generation of technology startups can arise from within Egypt’s untapped barren landscape, whilst preserving its sovereignty, thereby maintaining reverence for its tradition and culture.
Proposal III
Operation Coal For Cairo: U.S. For Cheaper Coal and to Subsidize Chemicals
Under Operation Coal For Cairo, America will assist Egypt in its goal toward the Egypt Vision 2030. The United States will lower the cost of coal to assist with Egypt’s national initiative. Specifically, a five-year reduction at 73.83% will grant the Egyptian government the authority to achieve its initiative and work toward its own fuel independence. The Future of Egypt project aims to “achieve food security in order to reach self-sufficiency;” providing Egyptians with “about 10,000 direct jobs and more than 360,000 indirect ones,” (Presidency.eg). Rather than tangibly financially support Egypt’s initiative, decreasing Egypt’s cost of coal for a period of five years will reduce the budgetary burden imposed on the American taxpayers; simultaneously producing a source of international revenue to be reintroduced into the U.S. economy through domestic multinational corporation’s foreign subsidiaries.
America sells coal to Egypt at $94.81 per short ton, (EIA). Operation Coal For Cairo would grant a reduction in the cost of U.S. coal by 73.83% for a period of five years. Egypt would purchase coal at $24.81 in place of subsidization. America cannot subsidize Egypt’s coal by economic principle; but its value can be deferred for a period of five years. America’s financial loss would be redeemed in its diplomacy. Further, Egypt is more likely to compromise on its exports if America first issues a temporary act of diplomacy.
Egypt has already taken steps to regrow its forests, as “[e]vidence suggests that as recently as 8,000 years ago, the whole of Africa’s Sahara region was an oasis of forests and grasslands,” (Geographical). Therefore, “Egypt has [grown] a huge 200-hectare forest in the middle of its desert . . . in an effort to fight climate change,” (EsqurieME). America’s economic assistance with Egypt’s reforestation will allow the nation to produce its own coal, as “[w]ood coal is charcoal produced from wood, and the intentional production of wood coal goes back to Ancient times,” (RentechInc).
In 2023, Egypt imported $1.5 billion of mineral fuels, mineral oils, and products of their distillation, (OEC). Additionally, Egypt imported $318 million of pharmaceutical products, and $344 million of organic chemicals from America, (OEC). The Natural Resources Research Institute (NRRI) Engineer Tim Hagen notes on biofuel that “fossil coal” is made with “time, pressure and heat,” but “instead of millions of years, we’re doing it in a few hours,” (CleanEnergyResourceTeams). This will allow Egypt to produce its own biofuels, thereby lowering the cost of its U.S. mineral fuel imports; as “[b]iofuel can be made from any waste materials derived from plants, algae, or even animals,” (PraterIndustries). Moreover, “since these materials are easy to replenish, the biofuel produced from them is a form of renewable energy,” (PraterIndustries).
America is the leader in contemporary medicine with the most extensive compilation of technical equipment, and medical professionals. Accordingly, the U.S. can offer Egypt’s government the total subsidization of domestic multinational corporation major pharmaceutical companies to establish facilities and produce subsidiary manufacturing companies in Egypt. This will not only economically benefit America long-term through its multinational parent organizations but simultaneously create millions of jobs throughout Egypt in the medical industry. Further, it will rapidly industrialize and incentivize Egypt’s pharmaceutical economy.
By subsidizing the establishment of significant biofuel facilities, and forming new subsidiaries of American multinational corporations, Egypt can equip itself with the abilities to manufacture its own pharmaceutical products and establish laboratories to produce organic chemicals.
Conclusion
America cannot negate the shift that Egypt’s government has undergone throughout the nation’s history; and the tenacity of the citizenry to preserve their heritage. Egypt’s importance is observed throughout Scripture, and has held a distinct significance throughout human history. Despite its change in government and political identity, it remains our Western obligation to assure Egypt’s government is able to provide the necessary infrastructural updates for its citizens. America must allocate Egypt’s foreign aid with specificity to ensure the preservation and wellbeing of the world’s largest Arab population, enhance bilateral U.S.-Egyptian relations, and establish a stable mutual pathway to greater prosperity and assured domestic independence.
Bibliography
Albazar, S. (Accessed on April 27th, 2025). Egypt’s Economy Amidst Regional Conflicts. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/egypts-economy-amidst-regional-conflicts
Amnesty. (Accessed on April 27th, 2025). Egypt: Gross Human Rights Violations Under President Al-Sisi. https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/MDE1202532019ENGLISH.pdf
CIA. (Accessed on April 27th, 2025). Egypt. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/
Chicago. (Accessed on April 27th, 2025). Coptic Conversion and the Islamization of Egypt. https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/958/files/MSR_X-2_2006-OSullivan.pdf
CleanEnergyREsourceTeams. (Accessed on April 28th, 2025). Roasting Wood to Replace Coal the Focus of Research at UMD’s Natural Resources Research Institute. https://www.cleanenergyresourceteams.org/roasting-wood-replace-coal-focus-research-umds-natural-resources-research-institute
EIA. (Accessed on April 27th, 2025). Table 8. Average price of U.S. coal exports. https://www.eia.gov/coal/production/quarterly/pdf/t8p01p1.pdf
EsquireME. (Accessed on April 28th,2024). Egypt Growing Trees in the Desert. https://www.esquireme.com/news/environment-egypt-growing-trees-in-the-desert#:~:text=Egypt%20has%20managed%20to%20grow,would%20normally%20be%20thrown%20out.
Geographical. (Accessed on April 28th, 2025). Egypt Takes First Steps in Ambitious Regreen the Sinai Desert. https://geographical.co.uk/science-environment/regreening-the-sinai-peninsula
Mped.gov. (Accessed on April 27th, 2025). Egypt Vision 2030 Launch. 2030 Vision of Egypt. https://mped.gov.eg/Highlights?id=1&lang=en&Egypt-Vision-2030-Launch
Mped.gov. (Accessed on April 27th, 2025). Egypt Vision 2030. https://mped.gov.eg/Files/Egypt_Vision_2030_EnglishDigitalUse.pdf
OEC. (Accessed on April 27th, 2025). Egypt. The Observatory of Economic Complexity. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/egy
OEC. (Accessed on April 27th, 2025). Egypt/United States. The Observatory of Economic Complexity. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/egy/partner/usa?selector538id=HS2
PraterIndustries. (Accessed on April 28th,2025). Wood Biofuel Production: Converting Wood Into Biofuel. https://blog.praterindustries.com/wood-biofuel-production-converting-wood-waste-into-biofuel-feedstock
Presidency.eg. (Accessed on April 27th,2025). The Inauguration of the “Future of Egypt” Project for Sustainable Agriculture. https://www.presidency.eg/en/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9/
RentechInc. (Accessed on April 28th, 2025). Wood Coal. https://www.rentechinc.com/wood-coal/
SSCHR. (Accessed on Aprile 27th,2025). The Egyptian Constitution. https://sschr.gov.eg/en/the-egyptian-constitution/
State. (Accessed on April 27th, 2025). Narcotics Control Strategy Report. https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/nea/ci/eg/74841.htm#:~:text=Egypt%20is%20not%20a%20significant,Narcotics%20do%20pass%20through%20Egypt.
State. (Accessed on April 27th, 2025). 2023 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Egypt. https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/egypt/
Statista. (Accessed on April 27th, 2025). Total Inhabited Area of Egypt 2022, by Governorate. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1230776/total-inhabited-area-by-governorate-in-egypt/#:~:text=As%20of%202022%2C%20the%20total,while%20the%20rest%20is%20desert
Stojkoski, V.; Koch, P.; Coll, E.; Hidalgo, C. (2024). Estimating Digital Product Trade Through Corporate Revenue Data. Nat Commun 15, 5262 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49141-z
UNICEF. (Accessed on April 27th, 2025). Water Scarcity in Egypt. UNICEF Egypt. https://www.unicef.org/egypt/documents/water-scarcity-egypt
Worldometers. (Accessed on Aprile 27th,2025). Egypt Population. https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/egypt-population/
WTO. (Accessed on April 27th, 2025). Egypt and the WTO. https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/egypt_e.htm
WTO. (Accessed on April 27th, 2025). Map of Egypt. https://www.wto.org/library/stcs/stc_maps_iframe_e.htm?country_selected=EGY
Jordan Muhsin 